tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-68930354485410454652024-02-19T00:17:57.584-08:00All About Study,Tips and Tricks.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08661198719251136230noreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6893035448541045465.post-72943118249838083232012-06-21T22:01:00.002-07:002012-06-21T22:01:42.578-07:00Direct and Indirect<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Direct Speech / Quoted Speech</b>
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech)<br />
<br />
Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.<br />
<a href="http://aashere.blogspot.com/2012/06/direct-and-indirect.html" name="more"></a><br />
For example:<br />
<br />
She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."<br />
<br />
or<br />
<br />
"Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Indirect Speech / Reported Speech</b></div>
<br />
Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use
quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to
be word for word.<br />
<br />
When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we
use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past
(because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past).
The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too. <br />
<br />
e.g.
<br />
<table border="2" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 400px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td>Direct speech</td> <td>Indirect speech</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>"I'm going to the cinema", he said.</td> <td>He said he was going to the cinema. </td> </tr>
</tbody> </table>
<br />
<br />
<a href="" name="more"></a><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Tense change</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a
tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right):<br />
</div>
<br />
<table border="2" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 400px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td>Direct speech</td> <td>Indirect speech</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Present simple<br />
<br />
She said, "It's cold."</td> <td>Past simple<br />
<br />
She said it was cold. </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Present continuous<br />
<br />
She said, "I'm <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD3">teaching English online</span>." </td> <td>Past continuous<br />
<br />
She said she was teaching English online. </td> </tr>
<tr> <td><span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD1">Present perfect</span> simple<br />
<br />
She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."</td> <td>Past perfect simple<br />
<br />
She said she had been on the web since 1999. </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Present perfect continuous<br />
<br />
She said, "I've been <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD5">teaching</span> English for seven years." </td> <td>Past perfect continuous<br />
<br />
She said she had been teaching English for seven years.</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Past simple<br />
<br />
She said, "I taught online yesterday."</td> <td>Past perfect<br />
<br />
She said she had taught online yesterday.</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Past perfect continuous<br />
<br />
She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."</td> <td>Past perfect continuous<br />
<br />
NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes. </td> </tr>
</tbody> </table>
<br />
<b>Modal verb forms also sometimes change:</b><br />
<br />
<table border="2" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 400px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td>Direct speech</td> <td>Indirect speech</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Will<br />
<br />
She said, "I'll <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD2">teach English online</span> tomorrow." She said she would teach English online tomorrow.</td> <td>Would<br />
<br />
She said she would teach English online tomorrow.</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Can<br />
<br />
<br />
She said, "I can teach English online."</td> <td>Could <br />
<br />
She said she could teach English online. </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>must <br />
<br />
She said, "I <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD7">must have</span> a computer to teach English online."</td> <td>had to<br />
<br />
She said she had to have a computer to teach English online. </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>shall <br />
<br />
She said, "What shall we learn today?"</td> <td>should <br />
<br />
She asked what we should learn today. </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>may<br />
<br />
She said, "May I open a new <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD10">browser</span>?"</td> <td>might<br />
<br />
She asked if she might open a new browser. </td> </tr>
</tbody> </table>
<br />
<span style="color: red;">Note! - There is no change to; could, would, should, might and ought to.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<table border="2" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 400px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td>Direct speech</td> <td>Indirect speech</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>"I might go to the cinema", he said.</td> <td>He said he might go to the cinema.</td> </tr>
</tbody> </table>
<br />
You can use the <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD8">present</span> tense in reported speech if you want to say that
something is still true i.e. my name has always been and will always be
Lynne so:-<br />
<br />
<br />
<table border="2" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 400px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td>Direct speech</td> <td>Indirect speech</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>"My name is Lynne", she said.</td> <td>She said her name was Lynne.<br />
or<br />
She said her name is Lynne. </td> </tr>
</tbody> </table>
<br />
You can also use the present tense if you are talking about a future event.<br />
<br />
<br />
<table border="2" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 400px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td>Direct speech (exact quote)</td> <td>Indirect speech (not exact)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Next week's lesson is on reported speech ", she said.</td> <td>She said next week's lesson is on reported speech. </td> </tr>
</tbody> </table>
<br />
<b>Time change</b>:<br />
<br />
If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting.<br />
<br />
<br />
For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting.<br />
<br />
<br />
<table border="2" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 400px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td>Today</td> <td>+ <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD9">24 hours</span> - Indirect speech</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>"Today's lesson is on presentations."</td> <td>She said yesterday's lesson was on presentations. </td> </tr>
</tbody> </table>
<br />
<span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD4">Expressions</span> of time if reported on a different day<br />
<br />
<table border="2" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 400px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td>this (evening)</td> <td>that (evening)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>today</td> <td>yesterday</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>these (days)</td> <td>those (days)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>now </td> <td>then</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>(a week) ago</td> <td>(a week) before</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>last weekend</td> <td>the weekend before last / the previous weekend</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>here </td> <td>there</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>next (week)</td> <td>the following (week)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>tomorrow</td> <td>the next/following day </td> </tr>
</tbody> </table>
<br />
In addition if you report something that someone said in a different
place to where you heard it you must change the place (here) to the
place (there).<br />
<br />
For example:-<br />
<br />
<table border="2" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 400px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td>At work </td> <td>At home</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>"How long have you worked here?"</td> <td>She asked me how long I'd worked there.</td> </tr>
</tbody> </table>
<br />
<b>Pronoun change</b><br />
<br />
In reported speech, the pronoun often changes.<br />
<br />
<br />
<table border="2" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 400px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td>Me </td> <td>You </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>"I teach English online."</td> <td>She said she teaches English online.</td> </tr>
</tbody> </table>
<br />
<b>Reporting Verbs</b><br />
<br />
Said, told and asked are the most common verbs used in indirect speech.<br />
<br />
We use asked to report questions:-<br />
<br />
For example: I asked Lynne what time the lesson started.<br />
<br />
We use told with an object.<br />
<br />
For example: Lynne told me she felt tired.<br />
<br />
Note! - Here me is the object.<br />
<br />
We usually use said without an object.<br />
<br />
For example: Lynne said she was going to teach online.<br />
<br />
If said is used with an object we must include to ;<br />
<br />
For example: Lynne said to me that she'd never been to China.<br />
<br />
!Note - We usually use told.<br />
<br />
For example: Lynne told me that she'd never been to China.<br />
<br />
There are many other verbs we can use apart from said, told and asked.<br />
<br />
These include:-<br />
<br />
accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologised, begged,
boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered,
ordered, promised, replied, suggested and thought. <br />
<br />
Using them properly can make what you say much more interesting and informative.<br />
<br />
For example:<br />
<br />
He asked me to come to <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD11">the party</span>:- <br />
<br />
He invited me to the party.<br />
He begged me to come to the party.<br />
He ordered me to come to the party.<br />
He advised me to come to the party.<br />
He suggested I should come to the party. <br />
<br />
Use of 'That' in reported speech<br />
<br />
In reported speech, <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD6">the word</span> that is often used.<br />
<br />
For example: He told me that he lived in Greenwich.<br />
<br />
However, that is optional.<br />
<br />
For example: He told me he lived in Greenwich.<br />
<br />
Note! - That is never used in questions, instead we often use if.<br />
<br />
For example: He asked me if I would come to the party.
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08661198719251136230noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6893035448541045465.post-79106150751140525002012-06-21T22:00:00.000-07:002012-06-21T22:00:03.059-07:00Basic English<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Question: What is sentence?</b><br />
<br />
<b>Answer:</b> A group of words which has a subject and a predicate and gives clear and <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD4">complete</span> sense is called sentence.<br />
<br />
<b>Question: What are the components of sentence?</b><br />
<br />
<b>Answer:</b> A sentence usually has a subject, (a modal <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD7">auxiliary</span> verb/a helping verb), a verb and an object/a complement.<br />
<br />
<b>Question: What is subject?</b><br />
<br />
<b>Answer:</b> In sentence doer of action or the person, thing or place which we are talking about is called subject.<br />
<br />
<b>Example:</b><br />
<br />
<u>He</u> is <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD11">writing</span> a <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD9">letter</span>. <br />
sub<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
<b>Question: What is object?</b><br />
<br />
<b>Answer:</b> Affected thing or person of a sentence is called object. <br />
<br />
Example:<br />
<br />
They are playing <u>football.</u><br />
<a href="" name="more"></a><br />
Object<br />
<br />
Question: <b>What is complement? </b><br />
<br />
<span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD2">Answer</span>: A complement tell us something about the nature of the subject or object.<br />
<br />
<b>Note: Complement can be a noun, a noun phrase, adjective, pronoun or a <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD6">number</span>.</b><br />
<br />
Example: jogging makes <u>him</u> <u>healthy.</u><br />
obj comp<br />
2.<u>He</u> is <u>healthy.</u><br />
sub adj comp<br />
<br />
<b>Question: What is verb?</b><br />
<br />
<b>Answer: </b>"Verb" is a word which shows an action or tells us status or <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD12">condition</span> of a person or a thing.<br />
<br />
<b>Note: "Verb" has got three forms.</b><br />
<br />
IV IIV IIIV<br />
<br />
Go Went Gone<br />
Come Came Come<br />
Drink Drank Drunk<br />
Sleep Slept Slept<br />
<br />
<b>Question: What are modal auxiliary verbs?</b><br />
<br />
<b>Answer:</b> Can, Could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought, to and used to are called modal auxiliary verbs.<br />
<br />
<b>Question: What are helping verbs?</b><br />
<br />
<b>Answer:</b> When is , am, are, was, were, been, do, does, did are used before other verbs are called <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD1">helping verbs</span>.<br />
<br />
<b>Question: What is predicate?</b><br />
<br />
<b>Answer:</b> After subject, rest of <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD8">the words</span> of a sentence (Helping verb, Main verb object etc.) are called predicate.<br />
<br />
<b>Question: What is (E.O.P.) The extention of predicate?</b><br />
<br />
<b>Answer:</b> The words which extend the predicate usually after the object of a sentence are called extention of predicate.<br />
<br />
<b>Example:</b><br />
<br />
<u>We</u> <u>were playing <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD3">football</span></u> <u>in the school ground.</u><br />
sub Predicate E.O.P<br />
<br />
<b>Question: What are formal and informal <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD5">languages</span>?</b><br />
<br />
<b>Answer: Formal language:</b> Formal <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD10">language</span> is usually used in literary english and with elders and seniors in a serious atmosphere.<br />
<br />
<b>Informal language:</b> Informal language is usually used in spoken English with friends in a friendly atmosphere.
<br /><span></span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08661198719251136230noreply@blogger.com0